What are the short sequences of specific amino acids that guide protein transport called?

The term that is defined as short sequences of specific amino acids guiding protein transport is known as sorting signals. These signals typically consist of relatively short sequences that are recognized by the protein transport machinery of the cell. They play a crucial role in determining the final destination of the protein within the cell, ensuring that it reaches the appropriate organelle or cellular location where it is needed for cellular function.

Sorting signals can vary widely in their composition and can initiate different pathways of protein trafficking, such as delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or lysosomes, among others. The recognition of these signals by various receptors and transport proteins underscores the specificity and efficiency of cellular protein sorting mechanisms, which is essential for maintaining cellular organization and function.

The other options refer to related concepts but do not capture the specificity and role of sorting signals in protein transport as accurately. Transport tags and signal peptides may imply some aspects of targeting but do not encompass the full breadth of what sorting signals entail in terms of directing proteins to their proper cellular destinations. Protein markers is a more general term and does not specifically refer to the sequences that dictate transport.